Sunday, 30 April 2023

Analysis of 'A Flowering Tree: A Woman's Tale'

 A Flowering Tree: A Woman's Tale
 A. K. Ramanujan

There lived a poor woman in a certain town with her two daughters. The younger daughter decided to help her impoverished family. She turned into a beautiful tree by performing a strange ritual with her older sister. They carefully performed the ritual which required two pitchers of water – one to transform the younger to a tree and the other back to human form. Her older sister plucked flowers from the transformed tree making sure that she doesn't damage any other part of the tree. She then converts her younger sister to human form. They weaved the fragrant flowers into garlands and sold them at the King's palace. They decided to keep this a secret from their mother and saved the money for future.

One day the prince discovers the garlands in the palace and gets curious about their origin. He followed the girls back to their house. Next morning at dawn, he went to their house and hid himself behind a tree and eventually saw the secret origin of flowers. He asked his parents (King and Queen) to marry the girl that sold flowers and told them the secret. The minister summoned the girls' mother and presented the proposal. She couldn't help but agree. Later at her house, the younger daughter had to demonstrate how she transformed into a tree to pacify her angry mother.

After the wedding, several nights passed without him speaking to her or touching her. Finally he makes his demand: she must do her transformation for him. Ashamed, she resists, but finally relents and performs the ceremony for him. Her envious sister-in-law watched her do the transformation on one night. She forced her to transform into a tree and broke her branches while plucking the flowers. They also ignored the water ritual and poured water on her indifferently, here and there. When the princess changed to the human form, she had no hands and feet. She had only half a body. She was a wounded carcass. She crawled into a gutter.

Next morning a cotton wagon driver spotted her and rescued her from gutter. He covered her naked body with a turban cloth. He left her at a ruined pavilion in a town. Her husband's elder sister was married to the King of this town. The palace servants informed the queen about her. She was brought to the palace, bathes, healed and kept at the main door as a "thing" for decoration. Meanwhile, the prince distraught at her wife's disappearance assumes that she left him due to his arrogance. Full of remorse, he turned into a beggar and wandered across the country.

After a long time, the prince haggard and unrecognizable reached her elder sister's town. In shock, the Queen recognized her brother and brought him to the palace where he was bathed and fed. He never uttered a single word. His sister was worried and tried all sorts of ways to make him speak. One day she sent the half body of his wife in a hope that the beauty would move him. He immediately recognized his lost wife. She told him the complete incident. She asked him to perform the ritual and fix all her broken branches and then transform her back to human form in a hope that she would be normal again. The method worked. The Queen (his elder sister) bid them farewell.

The King (prince's father) was overjoyed at the return of his long lost son and daughter-in-law. After discovering the bitter truth, the king had seven barrels of burning lime poured into a great pit and threw his youngest daughter into it. All the people who saw this said to themselves, "After all, every wrong has its punishment."

Thursday, 13 April 2023

ANALYSIS OF THE CARD-SHARPER'S DAUGHTER'

 The Card Sharper's Daughter
-Vaikoom Basheer

A Critical Analysis:

The Cardsharper's Daughter (1951) is one of Basheer's remarkable short stories. It belongs to particularly two typical genres of stories one is called Long Story' and the other is 'Sthalam Stories'.

From the beginning to the end, the story abounds in laughter. Sarcastic, subversive, and mocking verbal exchanges of the characters, who inhabit the story, make it uniquely humorous. The protagonists of the story are two comic characters, Mandan Muthapa and Ottakkannan Poker. Mandan Muthapa is a pickpocket. He is tall and of a black complexion. Ottakkannan Poker calls Muthapa a fool. Throughout the story, Muthapa entertains the readers through his foolish and laughter-provoking gestures. Ottakkannan Poker is a cunning one-eyed cardsharper of the place. His behaviour also enhances the element of laughter in the story. Zainabu is an important female character in the story. She is the one and only daughter of the cardsharper.

The narrator of the story, who introduces himself as a 'humble historian', appears before the story begins and states that he is going to inform us how Ottakkannan Poker, the cardsharper lost his game to the foolish and slow-witted pickpocket Mandan Muthapa and how Muthapa succeeded in winning the hands of Poker's daughter Zainabu, Mandan Muthapa's love affair with Ottakannan Pokker's daughter Zainaba is central to the plot of the story. Muthapa is passionately in love with Zainaba, and he is dreaming of his marriage to her. But Pokker does not like Muthapa and considers him a fool. He strongly opposed to their marriage. Eventually, public interference takes the matter up and supports Muthapa.

One day, Mandan Muthapa comes to play the card game with Pokker. He loses to Muthapa this time. This infuriates Poker because for the last Twenty years Pokker himself has been the winner. No one in the locality could beat him ever. The whole scene is highly humorous with its crowds gathered to participate and watch the game. For Muthapa, this card game is a game of life and his victory gives him a new status, the status of a wise man. In fact, it was Zainaba who revealed the trick to Muthapa for winning the game. She knew that her father Ottakkannan was doing some malpractice to win the game all the time befooling the crowd and participants, Zainaba disclosed this secret trick to Mandan Muthapa. After Muthapa won the game, Pokker's attitude to him gradually begins to change. Pokker lost his authority and dominance over both the game as well as poor and ordinary people like Muthapa. As a result, the marriage between Muthapa and Zainaba becomes a reality. Thus, the story closes with the description of their marriage festivities.

The lives of the marginalized, the power politics of the privileged, and social discriminations based on profession, social status, and money are Basheer's unwavering concerns in the work. The collective power of the common people to bring about changes in relationships and societies are also pointed out by Basheer through a seemingly simple and humorous short story. In the case of Muthapa, who belongs to the lower section of society, it is people's will also that wins upon Pokker's stubbornness and authority. The small village mentioned as "the Sthalam', is where the incidents of the story occur. The tone and terminology of the story is in a fashion of a parody of historical fiction, conventions of the romantic genre, and is also a mockery of the serious traditions of literary writing. The story is also a satire on the power politics of all cultures, people, and political parties. A reader can find several instances for establishing this point from the text.

Wednesday, 12 April 2023

The Card-Sharper's Daughter'

 

The Card-Sharper's Daughter'
-Vaikoom Basheer

The moral of this story may as well be delivered right at the beginning. Girls will find it neither amusing nor enlightening.
Anyway, here it is. If you happen to have daughters, steel your heart and murder them all in cold blood!

Now don't think that these are my views. I earnestly hope and pray that none of the many honourable ladies among my readers, incensed by this blatantly misogynist observation, condemns me to eternal damnation. They should target Ottakkannan Pokker instead!

Ottakkannan Pokker is the tragic protagonist of this story. Mandan Muthapa may be loosely described as the villain, though, as the story progresses, he steadily rises in stature to become the hero, the chivalrous knight who takes up arms against Pokker. Zainaba is Muthapa's comrade-in-arms in the battled.

The constables of the village outpost, both stools of the tyran- nical regime, and Thorappan Avaran and Driver Pappunni, the two master rogues, were out of station. Anavari Raman Nair and Cable Ponkurissu Thoma, bigwigs of the local criminal fraternity, were holding the fort for them. Ettukali Mammoonhu, their protégé, was always at hand. So were the other villagers, who were more than twenty-two hundred in number. All of them were peace- lovers, they had nothing to do with warmongering reactionaries

These are the essential facts which I, as a humble chronicler, would like my readers to acquaint themselves with. Apart from these, it would be prudent to note the presence of a floating population of about twenty-six hundred men and women who appeared only on Tuesdays and Saturdays, the village market-days. Their role was confined to buying and selling and making a great ruckus-with a few scuffles thrown in. Ottakkannan Pokker and Mandan Muthapa were artists who rubbed shoulders with this multitude as they pursued their respective vocations. Zainaba also belonged to the ranks of the people, though she was seldom seen in their midst. Her creative endeavours were shrouded in mystery.

Would you ever trust your daughters if you knew what they were up to? Why do they cause the best-laid schemes of their fathers to go awry? What do daughters know of the agonies of a father's heart!

I must confess that, after interviewing the major characters of the story, I felt a certain partiality towards some of them and consequently lent them my moral support. I record here the whole story for the benefit of students of history.

I shall begin with Ottakkannan Pokker. As the sobriquet refixed to his name indicates, he had only one eye. It had been damaged beyond repair in one of the heroic adventures of his salad days. It was true, that certain intellectuals in the locality surrepti- tiously referred to him as "that one-eyed monkey." But never mind that. When this story begins, he was forty-nine years old. His complexion could be described as fair. The real colour of his teeth was a well-concealed secret. The visible colour was a dull red, owing to the fact that Pokker was a voracious betel-chewer. And by virtue of his profession, 'Ottakkannan Pokker, the card- sharper' was how he was popularly referred to.

I suppose you have deduced from what has already been said that Zainaba was Pokker's daughter. Nineteen years of age, she was the village beauty. She had to be married off to some hard-working young man. This was what drove Ottakkannan Pokker to work tirelessly, day in and day out.

Pokker had already accumulated a sum of one hundred and twenty rupees towards this end. Now, what happened to this money? Zainaba didn't steal it. Anavari, Ponkurissu, Thorappan, Ettukali and their admirers were all innocent of the crime though, as a rule, the institution of private property was anathema to them." The two constables had nothing to do with it either, Mandan Muthapa? Certainly not! The fact is, nobody stole it. What happened to it then? Wait, I am coming to that. Mai

The focus of the narrative now shifts to Mandan Muthapa, a young man of twenty-one, jet-black in complexion and slightly cross-eyed. However, he always had a charming smile on his face. Like Zainaba, he had lost his mother in his childhood. His father had died a martyr's death in prison after a pitched battle with a bunch of beastly policemen over some misunderstanding about a burglary. As far as he could remember, he did not have any kith or kin. People just called him 'Mandan Muthapa, the pickpocket."

'Mandan' or 'nitwit' had been prefixed to Muthapa's name by none other than Pokker. In a way, Pokker was Muthapa's mentor, having taught him the technique of exhaling smoke through one's nose. Though Muthapa was required to pay a fee of one rupee for the lesson, he had unbelted only five-and-a-half annas. The loss still rankled. That bastard Mandan owes me ten-and-a-half annas," Pokker would wrathfully say, 'I taught him to blow smoke through his nose. This claim dealt a crushing blow to Muthapa's ambitions. Muthapa had just begun his career as an apprentice to Anavari Raman Nair and Ponkurissu Thoma. Pokker's statement prompted these gentlemen to have second thoughts about their young apprentice, and Muthapa was left to fend for himself in a wicked world. Who would employ a Mandan-a dunce-when bright young boys jostled for attention?

Before he started picking pockets, Mandan Muthapa had tried to enroll himself as Pokker's pupil in card-sharping. He had managed to get his case recommended by a few influential well- wishers as well. But Pokker had refused to oblige. 'Get lost, you donkey. It needs boys with brains to do this stuff."

Pokker was right there. Brains were an asset in any profession and card-sharping demanded an exceptionally high level of intelli- gence-and, of course, capital. Pokker had both. His kit consisted of a pack of cards, an old issue of Malayala Manorama and a handful of small stones. The stones served as paperweights when the musty newspaper was spread out and the pack of cards placed on it. Shuffling the cards briskly, Pokker would take out three from the pack, one joker and two numbered cards. The next step was to exhibit these cards face-up for his clients to take a good look at them, the joker in one hand and the numbered cards in the other. But some vigorous sales-talk was necessary before the clients could be won over completely. So Pokker would clear his throat and unleash his oratorical skills on them. 'Hai raja...come on everybody...double your money, folks...two for one, four for two, the joker makes your fortune. Never mind if you place your money on the num- bered cards. It's your alms for a poor man...hai raja...'

Pokker would flick the cards facedown on the paper with a whirring motion. It was the gamblers' responsibility to observe the movement of the cards carefully. Hawk-eyed, they would stare before placing their bets on the cards of their choice. Most of them placed anna coins and one-rupee notes on the cards, though there were also some who wagered as much as five or ten rupees. But when the cards were turned, they would find that the joker had cluded them-as always. Thus, each round ended with defeat for the valiant people and success for the wily Pokker. He would calmly scoop up the money, of which two rupees went to the local constabulary.

But it was not amusing to play to lose all the time. So Pokker. hit upon a brilliant strategy. On an average, the people won nearly six times out of ten. Amazing! But, there was a catch. For 'people,' w read 'friends and apprentices of Pokker whose identities were unknown to the market crowd.' There was no fraud in this really! Yet what a world of difference there was between Ottakkannan Pokker's and Mandan Muthapa's professions! Contrary to popular, opinion, there is nothing demeaning about a pickpocket's work. A It has made amazing strides in many countries of the world. There are even colleges to train aspiring pickpockets. That apart, it is a profession which requires unwavering concentration, infinite pa- tience, an eye for detail and unshaken faith in the adage 'silence is golden.' And, as I have already mentioned, some brains would certainly help. Did Mandan Muthapa have any brains? Well... grit and determination will see the professional pickpocket through many a crisis. As for capital, long nimble fingers and a shawl are the only tools required. Like all committed artists, a pickpocket has to have a finger on the pulse of the people. Not for him the solitary existence of the ivory tower. In other words, a pickpocket is essentially a social being, sharing the joys and sorrows of the people. 'Commu- nity living' is the pickpocket's motto. Weddings, funerals, cattle- trading posts, carnivals, processions, wrestling matches, political meetings-wherever human beings congregate-he presents himself to unburden the unwary of their filthy lucre.

The modus operandi is simple. Single out a man from the crowd who looks well-to-do, cover his pocket with the shawl and, with a quick movement of the long fingers, deftly remove the wallet or pouch. Speed is of the essence and it can be achieved only through sustained practice. But that is not all. The loot has to be passed on to an apprentice who immediately effects a vanishing trick.

Unfortunately, of all the requirements listed above, a shawl and long nimble fingers were all that Muthapa possessed. His height of six feet and two inches was a liability. He was a full head taller than most men in the crowd that thronged the village on market- days. No sooner did he appear on the scene than there would be taken a liking to you.' A typical instance of the scant respect society a cry from the crowd, 'Hey you, be careful! Mandan Muthapa has given to artists!

 However, none of these zealots belonged to the village. They were all outsiders, henchmen of the hated establishment. They had closed their ranks against Mandan Muthapa. Unlike the workers of certain political parties, Muthapa did not let out hoarse-throated slogans, condemning his detractors for being 'bourgeois reaction- aries He merely flashed his charming, innocent smile that mesmerized them and unsuspecting bystanders alike. But not the village constables. They squeezed Muthapa to the tune of one rupee each market-day. The politically-conscious villagers had no use for these representatives of the powers that be and opposed this high- handedness. But that made no difference to the constables who were determined to have their cut of Muthapa's earnings. How could Muthapa manage when, in spite of his toils, he earned next to nothing on several days? To make matters worse, Ottakkannan Pokker was always at hand to give prosecution evidence against Muthapa. "That bastard Mandan cleaned up ten rupees today. I saw the racket with my own eyes." 'You one-eyed devil!' Mandan Muthapa would mutter, 'T'll gouge out your good eye one of these days.'

The equation was now clear and known to one and all. The arch-enemies had taken to the battlefield. Mandan Muthapa, the pickpocket, universally acknowledged to be a nitwit, and Ottakkannan Pokker, the card-sharper, whose wits never deserted him. The tale which I am about to unfold before you describes how Mandan Muthapa, the nitwit, vanquished his nimble-witted adver- sary and won the hand of... well, I should not kill the suspense. Let me begin at the beginning.

It was a Saturday. Ottakkannan Pokker had presented himself under the ancient silk-cotton tree in the marketplace well before the clamour of the market-day had begun. Mandan Muthapa, having had no breakfast, was feeling rather down in the dumps that morning.. There were no good samaritans around to buy him even a cup of tea. But as he came down the lane, hungry and dejected, there appeared before him a man in a long jubba. This man wore a gold-plated wristwatch and had an expensive looking fountain pen clipped to the pocket of his jubba. Muthapa's heart skipped beat. As the man walked on jauntily with the air of a millionaire, oblivious of his surrounding, puffing at a cigarette, Muthapa relieved him of his wallet.

It was one of the most successful jobs Muthapa had pulled off. the contents of the wallet did not delight him. Five-and-a-half ass and the photograph of a film actress who wore a nose-stud were all that he got for his pains. 'Damn her nose-stud!" Muthapa ased, tearing the photograph into bits. "Him and his almighty The miser!

The newly-opened restaurant was doing brisk business. Muthapa decided to give it a try. He seated himself next to a fat man whose spocket looked promising. But nothing came of it. Muthapa quietly finished the snacks and tea the waiter had served him unsolicited. It came to four annas. He bought beedis for half-an- , and with the remaining capital of one anna, presented himself before Ottakkannan Pokker.

'Hai raja...come on...two for one...any mandan ass can ty... Ottakkannan Pokker said, before throwing the cards facedown on a sheet of paper. Muthapa placed the anna on what he judged to be the joker. 'Get lost, you ass,' Pokker told him gently as he turned the card. It was a numbered card. Would you like another try?' Pokker asked with a mocking wink Muthapa had run out of money. Lighting a beedi, he walked away from the crowd, towards the solitude of the river. How sad is the plight of a poor artist! How agonizing it is to think of what might have been! In his heart, Mandan Muthapa worshipped Thorappan Avaran, Driver Pappunni, Ponkurissu Thoma and Anavari Raman Nair as his mentors. If oaly they would accept him as their pupil. That Ottakkanpan Pokker, curse him! He had spoilt everything.

Lost in thought, Muthapa walked on. His steps took him down the path by the river. The market landing was crowded with boats. There were large mounds of tapioca, coconuts, bananas and a variety of vegetables all around. As he gazed listlessly at the boats loaded with merchandise, Muthapa witnessed a miracle!

A bunch of bananas dragged itself out of a mound, climbed over the side of the boat and leaped into the river! It was not one of those accidents when things topple into the river from overloaded boats. The bunch of bananas on it sowly, deliberately-as if it were alive!

This set Muthapa thinking. Were the bananas possessed by at devil? He wondered. Consigned to the plant kingdom by nature, they would certainly require a devil's services to 'walk away' as they had. They were now moving steadily in the water towards the next landing where Ottakkannan Pokker lived. A row of silk- cotton trees, that stretched between the two landings, functioned as a wide curtain.

His curiosity aroused, Muthapa walked towards the landing downstream, following the bananas with his eyes. Suddenly, startling him, appeared Zainaba, Pokker's only daughter. Crouch- ing in the shadow of the trees, she was pulling at a strong string that stretched towards the river. Soon she pulled up the bunch of bananas which had reached its destination There was a fishing hook attached to the bunch, Muthapa noted.

In a flash, everything fell into place, like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. It was a simple process. Swim down to the market landing under cover of the bushes with a hook attached to a long line. Fix the hook to a bunch of bananas and swim back downstream, unwinding the line gently. Hide behind the clump of silk-cotton trees, pull the bananas, and they are yours.

Mandan Muthapa was distressed. There was nothing wrong in men stealing or picking pockets. But for a woman to do so...He stood transfixed, afflicted by Zainaba's indiscretion.

Zairaba climbed ashore with the bunch of bananas, water dripping from her wet clothes, She had no inkling of Muthapa's presence. When her eyes fell on him, she dropped the bananas with a gasp. Her face turned a deep purple, and then white as chalk. 'Zainaba!' There was love and anguish in Muthapa's voice.

'O! Zainaba answered in a broken voice. 'Do you think what you have done is right?'

'Nnnno...'

'Will you do it again?'

'No.'

'Change your clothes and wipe yourself dry. You will catch a cold.'

Zainaba ran, without taking the bananas. Muthapa carried them home for her. She had a small restaurant there. Besides tea, it served puttu, boiled black gram, appam, vada and bananas. She gave credit to some of her regular customers, among whom were Anavari Raman Nair, Ponkurissu Thoma and Ettukali Mammoonhu. When they reached her house, she invited Muthapa in for tea with idiyappam and bananas.

Muthapa testifies to all these facts. Zainaba, however, refused reply when she was confronted by this chronicler and asked whether she loved Muthapa. But she was quite certain that 10 Muthapa was not a mandan. 'Bapa says that out of spite,' she said.

Ottakkannan Pokker was completely ignorant of all this. He was not suspicious of Zainaba. Preoccupied with the task of putting by some money for her wedding, he did not notice such things. An honest and hard-working boy had to be found. She should have a few pairs of earrings and necklaces for the wedding. These were his concerns.

That day, Pokker was returning home with a bag of provisions he had bought at the market. The first sight that greeted his eyes when he stepped into the house was that of Mandan Muthapa, his head reclining in Zainaba's lap. What more was required to break a poor father's heart? A dark, cross-eyed, stupid pickpocket nestling in your daughter's lap! One rarely comes across a father who would find it funny. Bapal Zainaba leapt up in terror as she pushed Muthapa away. But Mandan Muthapa merely flashed his charming smile.

Ottakkannan Pokker was furious. He flung a piece of tapioca at Muthapa which struck him square on his chest. Though it hurt him considerably, Muthapa, without removing the smile from his face, picked it up, peeled it gently and nibbled at it. 'Mama, you know I am going to marry Zainaba,' he said.

Now this was a double-edged statement. Firstly, 'mama' is at term used to address one's maternal uncle or wife's father. As we know, neither of these relationships existed between Ottakkannan Pokker and Mandan Muthapa. Was Muthapa taking a leap into the future? Besides, as you might have noticed, Muthapa's statement was a bold assertion, not a humble request like "May I beg for the hand of your fair daughter' etcetera.

Ottakkannan Pokker shook with rage. 'Get out of my house, you thieving scoundrel!' he screamed.

"Mama, forgive me for all I have said and done to you. Zainaba says I should stop picking pockets. So I'm not going to anymore."

I see. You are taking to begging instead." I want to set up a small restaurant,' Muthapa continued, ignoring the sarcasm. 'Mama, will you lend me ten rupees for it?'

What about the ten-and-a-half annas you owe me for teaching you to smoke through the nose?" Mandan Muthapa ignored that too. 'Any day before the end of the month would suit me for the wedding." "Get out, you blasted Jew!' Ottakkannan Pokker roared. 'Don't get any such ideas as long as I am alive.'

But the veiled threat did not deter Muthapa. "Mama, I'll marry Zainaba long before you die."

'Get out!'

Mandan Muthapa walked away calmly.

This was the beginning of a long struggle, a fight to the finish. Much The news spread like wildfire. The villagers were merely amused pic at first. But soon they split into opposing camps. In the beginning the two constables were staunch supporters of Ottakkannan Pokker. But soon they, along with the vast majority of the villagers, shifted their loyalties to Mandan Muthapa. There was a good reason for such a move. But more about it later.

Where did Zainaba's loyalties lie? The villagers wondered.

'Zainaba's with me,' declared Mandan Muthapa, drawing him self to his full height and thumping his chest. "She's my daughter,' Ottakkannan Pokker said with some amount of confidence.

But the fact was that nobody really knew anything about Zainaba's loyalties. Meanwhile, Anavari Raman Nair and Ponkurissu Thoma made a joint statement, 'It is a battle for Zainaba's heart.'

To the villagers, this sounded like one of the most stupid things they had ever heard. Did the duo really believe that the union of two hearts was all that mattered? There was an obstinate father to be reckoned with. That and the hundred and twenty rupees, his life's earnings. Ottakkannan Pokker was in a position to marry Zainaba to any young man of his choice. This was the state of affairs when Muthapa declared war.
Right from the beginning, Mandan Muthapa's offensive met with remarkable success. He was the universally acclaimed leader of the masses.

Pokker was denounced as a hoarder, a black-marketeer, and above all, a bourgeois reactionary.

'Mandan Muthapa zindabad!'

Cakkannan Pokker murdabad!" Slogans rent the air. There was no dearth of people to buy tea and lunch for Muthapa whenever he needed them. On the other Jand, Pokker found it difficult to get even a pinch of slaked lime r his betel-and-nut.

It was a Tuesday. The marketplace was beginning to bustle with bayers and sellers. Mandan Muthapa appeared without his custom- ary shawl. He held a one-rupee note in his hand. He had pinched i with his teeth. "This is a lucky note,' he was heard telling a man in the crowd, 'Zainaba gave it to me.' Muthapa headed straight for Ottakkannan Pokker's gambling corner. As usual, a small crowd had collected in front of it. Hai raja, come on. Double your money. The joker is: lucky boy. Keep your eyes peeled. Hai raja...

Mandan Muthapa clutched the one-rupee note between his thumb and forefinger and sniffed at it rather noisily. Ottakkannan Pokker looked up at Muthapa and continued with his sales-talk, inserting a couple of unusual expressions in between. 'Hai raja," double your money. Any sucker can try his luck, any stuffed monkey can try his luck. The joker is your lucky boy...'

Pokker flicked the cards facedown on the paper. Mandan Muthapa scrutinized the cards carefully and placed his one-rupee sote on one of them. Pokker winced as if he had been pricked with apin. In twenty-two years of card-sharping, nobody had placed his money on the joker without Pokker's express permission. Perhaps a handful of lucky chaps had got the card right purely by accident. Their number was, however, too small for Pokker to remember. There was absolutely no connection between card-sharping and luck. The golden rule was that Pokker should always win and the market-day crowd lose. Ottakkannan Pokker turned the cards. There was a gasp from the crowd. Muthapa's one-rupee note had been on the joker. And Pokker grudgingly gave him another rupee. Hai raja, two for one, four for two...open to all and sundry..."

The game resumed. As before, Mandan Muthapa looked carefully at each card before placing his two rupees on one of them. Ottakkannan Pokker turned the cards. The joker again for Muthapa! He now had four rupees. When Muthapa's luck persisted in the next round, Pokker lost his temper. The crowd let out a whoop of joy.
Muthapa's luck held out. He gazed at the windfall in his hand- sixteen rupees-and rustled the notes gently. He took out the one- rupee note, which had been his capital when he started, kissed it reverentially and tied it at the end of his mundu. He then announced his future plans to the crowd, 'I am through with picking pockets. I am going to set up a tea shop.'

Mandan Muthapa walked away triumphantly, accompanied by his fellow artists-Anavari Raman Nair, Ponkurissu Thoma and Ettukali Mammoonhu. Behind them came a host of villagers, their spirit for battle aroused. Soon the whole village learned of Muthapa's triumph. There was universal rejoicing. It was a victory for the people! There was not a soul to commiserate with the vanquished Pokker. But then, one can't expect people to sympathize with black-marketeers and lackeys of reactionary regimes.

'Daughter, I lost fifteen rupees today,' Pokker told Zainaba mournfully that night. "That scoundrel did me in.' She said nothing. There was neither sympathy nor exhilaration in her expression. But Pokker's grief knew no bounds. 'I am not finished,' he said, regaining his composure, 'Let that Mandan have another try. I'll skin him. Pokker doesn't take things lying down.'

Come market-day, the hawkers arrived with their wares. Men and women jostled as they sought to make their bargains. Muthapa's tea shop had opened just a few days before. As a matter of fact, no tea was served there. Only coffee with jaggery, and boiled gram to go with it. It was an apology for a tea shop, functioning in the open space between two buildings, sheets of cloth hung up on poles to make an enclosure. An old bench, the only item of furniture, and two glasses to serve coffee in. Noisily stirring the jaggery in a glass with a spoon, he invited his customers, 'Hai, Mandan's coffee! Sizzling hot! Have a sip folks, gives you more than your money's worth.'

The coffee and the boiled black gram were sold out before noon. Muthapa counted his earnings and wrapped the notes and coins in a piece of paper. With this packet, he presented himself before Pokker.

Ottakkannan Pokker lost twenty rupees that day. When he told Zainaba about it that night, she merely shrugged her shoul- ders. 'Oh, I suppose everybody has caught on to the trick by 'Caught on! Listen, you stupid... Nobody caught on to it in the last twenty-two years. You mean to say that bastard Mandan did it in a couple of days?

Zainaba said nothing. 'I taught that stingy Jew how to blow out smoke through his nose!'

A dozen market-days passed by. Mandan Muthapa continued to subject Ottakkannan Pokker to humiliating defeats. Pokker was now at the end of his tether, broke and neck-deep in debt. And finally, he admitted defeat. 'Son, leave me alone, please,' he pleaded with Muthapa. 'I'll give you five rupees on each market-day.'

I don't want your money,' said the long-suffering Muthapa. 'I have my shop now. Let me marry Zainaba, and I'll quit card- sharping for good.' Marriage to Zainaba-Muthapa was firm on this compromise formula. So were the valiant villagers.

Ottakkannan Pokker ran from pillar to post for help. He beseeched the two constables to come to his aid. He unburdened his heart to Anavan Raman Nair, Ponkurissu Thoma and Ettukali Mammoonhu. But his pleas fell on deaf ears. 'Get Zainaba married to that fellow, man,' they told him in one voice.

'But, my dear sir, he is a mandan.'

"There you go again!'

Pokker was left with no option.

The whole village attended the wedding. Muthapa treated them to betel-nut, beedis and sherbet. At night, there was a display of fireworks sponsored by the villagers.

It was a happy ending to a long conflict. But not quite. Ottakkannan Pokker was heartbroken. He quit card-sharping. He lost his appetite and always wore a melancholy expression on his face. He hated everyone-Zainaba, Anavari Raman Nair, Ponkurissu Thoma, the constables, Ettukali Mammoonhu, and the decadent social order which sustained them. Pokker stopped eating alto- gether, determined to fast unto death.

The kindhearted villagers intervened. After a lot of cajoling, they succeeded in persuading Pokker to live with Zainaba and Muthapa in the annexe to their hotel. Yes, the make-shift tea shop had graduated into a proper hotel! Zainaba's puttu and boiled black gram were in great demand.

The enterprise was wholeheartedly supported by Zainaba's regular customers-Anavari Raman Nair, Ponkurissu Thoma, their protégé Ettukali Mammoonhu, and the two constables. Like them, Pokker could eat his fill and he was required to do no work.

But there was something which tormented Pokker like a thorn in his flesh. How could Mandan Muthapa place his money unfailingly on the joker all the time? Unable to bear it any longer, he put the question to Muthapa himself.

'Just brains,' Muthapa replied, tapping his forehead. Pokker knew it was too good to be true. Where could Mandan Muthapa get brains from, he who was willing to part with precious money for learning to let out smoke through the nose? When Pokker persisted, Muthapa revealed the secret. 'It was my wife's brain wave.' Zainaba's brain wave! Mandan Muthapa produced the evidence. The corners of all the jokers in the pack had been marked out by small holes made with a safety pin!

'What do you think, son?' Ottakkannan Pokker asked me, 'Can you ever trust your daughters?' Well, what can one say...!

 

Translated from the Malayalam
by K. M. Sherrif

JHOOTHAN

 

Jhoothan
-Om Prakash Valmiki

Omprakash Valmiki's Joothan is an autobiographical account of his experience of growing up in a village near Muzzafarnagar in UP as an untouchable or Dalit in the newly independent India of the 1950s. An engineer by profession, Valmiki (1950-) began writing this memoir in 1974. Apart from Joothan, he has to his credit two anthologies of short stories, Salam and Guspathiye and three anthologies of poetry, Sadiyon Ka Santaap (1989), Bas Ab Bahut Ho Chuka (1997) and Ab Aur Nahin (2003). Now a middle class intellectual, he deliberately uses the name Valmiki as a mark of identification with his roots and also with the larger community of the sweeper caste (variously called Bhangi, Chura, Chuhra in different regions of the north), many of whom call themselves Valmiki, tracing their lineage to the author of the Ramayana. Joothan is among the first texts in Hindi that identifies itself as a part of Dalit literature. Until the advent of Dalit literature in Marathi in the 1950s and its subsequent spread to other languages such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Gujarati and Punjabi in the modern period, literature had been the domain of the high castes. Dalit literary expression has shown a dramatic increase throughout the Hindi belt since the late 1980s. Joothan elucidates the powerful narrative agenda of Dalit autobiography which contests the claim that discrimination on the basis of caste no longer operates as a social force in modern India.

The passage is an extract from Joothan: A Dalit's Life (1997).



Our house was adjacent to Chandrabhan Taga's gher cowshed. Next to it lived the families of Muslim - Right in front of Chandrabhan Taga's gher was a little joki, a pond, which had created a sort of partition between the Chuhras' dwellings and the village. The name of the johri were was Dabbowali. It is hard to say how it got the name of Dabbowali. Perhaps because its shape was that of a big pit. On one side of the pit were the high walls of the brick homes of the Tagas. At a right angle to these were the clay walls of the two or three homes of the Jhinwars. After these there w more homes of the Tagas. or weavers.

On the edges of the pond were the homes of the Chuhra All the women of the village, young girls, older women, even newly-married brides, would sit in the open space behind these homes at the edges of the pond to take a shit. Not just under the cover of darkness but even in daylight. The purdah. observing Tyagi women, their faces covered with their saris, shawls around their shoulders, found relief in this open-air latrine. They sat on Dabbowali's shores without worrying about decency, exposing their private parts. All the quarrels of the village would be discussed in the shape of a Round Table conference at this same spot. There was muck strewn everywhere. The stench was so overpowering that one would choke within a minute. The pigs wandering in narrow lanes, naked children, dogs, daily fights, this was the environment of my childhood. If the people who call the caste system an ideal social arrangement had to live in this environment for a day or two, they would change their mind.

Our family lived in this Chuhra basti. Five brothers, one sister, two chachas, one tau and his family. Chachas and tau lived separately. Everyone in the family did some or other work. Even then we didn't manage to get two decent meals a day. We did all sorts of work for the Tagas, including cleaning. agricultural work and general labour. We would often have to work without pay. Nobody dared to refuse this unpaid work for which we got neither money nor grain. Instead, we got sworn at and abused. They did not call us by our names. If the person were older, then he would be called 'Oe Chuhre'. If the person were younger or of the same age, then 'Abey Chuhre' was used.

Untouchability was so rampant that while it was considered all right to touch dogs and cats or cows and buffaloes, if one happened to touch a Chuhra, one got contaminated or polluted. The Chuhras were not seen as human. They were simply things for use. Their utility lasted until the work was done. Use them and then throw them away.

A Christian used to visit our neighbourhood. His name was Sewak Ram Masihi. He would sit with the children of the Chuhras around him. He used to teach them reading and writing. The government schools did not allow these children to enrol. My family sent only myself to Sewak Ram Masihi. My brothers were all working. There was no question of sending our sister to school. I learnt my alphabet in master Sewak Ram Masihi's open-air school, a school without mats or rooms. One day, Sewak Ram Masihi and my father had an argument. My father took me to the Basic Primary School. There my father begged Master Har Phool Singh; 'Masterji, I will be forever in your debt if you teach this child of mine a letter or two.'

Master Har Phool Singh asked us to come the next day. My father went. He kept going for several days. Finally, one day I was admitted to the school. The country had become independent eight years ago. Gandhiji's uplifting of the Untouchables was resounding everywhere. Although the doors of the government schools had begun to open for Untouchables, the mentality of the ordinary people had not changed much. I had to sit away from the others in the class that too on the floor. The mat ran out spot I sat on. Sometimes I would have to sit way behind everybody, right near the door. And the letters from there seemed faded.

The children of the Tyagis would tease me reaching the on the board by calling me 'Chuhre ka'. Sometimes they would beat me without any reason. This was an absurd tormented life that made introverted and irritable. If I got thirsty in school, then I had to stand near the hand-pump. The boys would beat me in a case, but the teachers also punished me. All sorts of were tried so that I would run away from the school and take up the kind of work for which I was born.. perpetrators, my attempts to get schooling According any stratagems to these were unwarranted.

 Ram Singh and Sukkhan Singh a were also in my class. Ram Jhinwar. Ram Singh was a Chamar and Sukkhan Singh was a Singh's father and mother worked as agricultural labourers Sukkhan Singh's father was a peon in the Inter College. The three of us studied together, grew up together, experienced the sweet and sour moments of childhood together. All three of us were very good in our studies but our background dogged us at every step.

 Barla Village also had some Muslim Tyagis who were called Tagas as well. The behaviour of these Muslim Tagas was just like that of the Hindu Tagas. If we ever went out wearing neat and clean clothes, we had to hear their taunts that pierced deep inside like poisoned arrows. If we went to the school in neat and clean clothes, then our class fellows said, 'Abey, Chuhre ka, he has come dressed in new clothes.' If one went wearing old and shabby clothes, then they said, 'Abey, Chuhre ke, get away from me, you stink.'

This was our no-win situation. We were humiliated whichever way we dressed.

 I reached fourth class. Headmaster Bishambar Singh had been replaced by Kaliram. Along with him had come another new teacher. After the arrival of these two, the three of us fell on terrible times. We would be thrashed at the slightest excuse. Ram Singh would escape once in while, but Sukkhan Singh and I got beaten almost daily. I was very weak and skinny those days.

Sukkhan Singh had developed a boil on his belly, just below his ribs. While in class, he used to keep his shirt folded up so as to keep the boil uncovered. This way the shirt could be kept clear of the puss on the one hand, and on the other, the boil protected from the blows of the teacher. One day while thrashing Sukkhan Singh, the teacher's fist hit the boil. Sukkhan screamed with pain. The boil had burst. Seeing him flailing with pain, I too began to cry. While we cried, the teacher was showering abuse on us nonstop. If I repeated his abusive words here, they would smear the nobility of Hindi. I say that because many big-named Hindi writers had wrinkled their nose and eyebrows when I had a character in my short story 'Bail Ki Khal' (The Ox Hide) swear. Coincidentally, the character who swore was a Brahman, that is, the knower of Brahma, of God. Was it possible? Would a Brahman swear...?

The ideal image of the teachers that I saw in my childhood has remained indelibly imprinted on my memory. Whenever someone starts taking about a great guru, I remember all those teachers who used to swear about mothers and sisters. They used to fondle good-looking boys and invited them to their homes and sexually abuse them.

One day the headmaster Kaliram called me to his room and asked: 'Abey, what is your name?' 'Omprakash,' I answered slowly and fearfully. Children used to feel scared just encountering the headmaster. The entire school was terrified of him.

'Chuhre ka?' Headmaster threw his second question at me.

'Ji.'

All right... See that teak tree there? Go. Climb that tree. Break some twigs and make a broom. And sweep the whole school clean as mirror. It is after all, your family occupation.

Go... get to it.'

Obeying Headmaster's orders, I cleaned all the the verandahs. Just as I was about to finish, he came to me and and said, 'After you have swept the rooms, go and sweep the rooms

The playground was way larger than my small physique could handle and in cleaning it my back began to ache. My face v covered with dust. Dust had gone inside my mouth. The other was children in my class were studying and I was sweeping. Headmaster was sitting in his room and watching me. I was not even allowed to get a drink of water. I swept the whole day I had never done so much work, being the pampered one among my brothers.

The second day, as soon as I reached school, Headmaster again put me to sweeping the school. I swept the whole day I was consoling myself that I will go back to the class from tomorrow.

The third day I went to the class and sat down quietly. After a few minutes the headmaster's loud thundering was heard: Abey Chuhre ke, motherfucker, where are you hiding... your mother...'

I had begun to shake uncontrollably. A Tyagi boy shouted, 'Master Saheb, there he is, sitting in the corner."

The headmaster had pounced on my neck. The pressure of his fingers was increasing. As a wolf grabs a lamb by the neck, he dragged me out of the class and threw me on the ground. He screamed: 'Go sweep the whole playground... Otherwise I will shove chillies up your arse and throw you out of the school."

Frightened, I picked up the three-day-old-broom. Just like me, it was shedding its dried up leaves. All that remained were the thin sticks. Tears were falling from my eyes. I started to sweep the compound while my tears fell. From the doors and windows of the schoolrooms, the eyes of the teachers and the boys saw this spectacle. Each pore of my body was submerged in an abyss of anguish.

Just then my father passed by the school. He stopped abruptly when he saw me sweeping the school compound. He called me, 'Munshiji, what are you doing?" Munshiji was the pet name my father had given me. When I saw him, I burst out sobbing. He entered the school compound and came towards me. Seeing me crying, he asked, 'Munshiji, why are you crying? Tell me, what has happened?"

I was hiccuping by now. In between my hiccups, I told the whole story to my father: that the teacher had been making me sweep for last three days; that they did not let me enter the classroom at all.

Pitaji snatched the broom from my hand and threw it away. His eyes were blazing. Pitaji who was always taut as a bowstring in front of others was so angry that his dense moustache was fluttering. He began to scream, 'Who is that teacher, that progeny of Dronacharya, who forces my son to sweep?" Pitaji's voice had echoed through the whole school. All the teachers, also with the headmaster came out. Kaliram, the headmaster threatened my father and called him names. But his threats had no effect on Pitaji. I have never forgotten the courage and fortitude with which my father confronted the headmaster that day. Pitaji had all sorts of weaknesses, but the decisive turn that he gave my future that day has had a great impact on my personality. The headmaster had roared, "Take him away from here...

The Chuhra wants him educated... Go, go... Otherwise I will have your bones broken." Pitaji took my hand and started walking towards our home.

As he walked away, he said, loudly enough for the headmaster to hear, 'You are a teacher... So I am leaving now. But remember this much, Master... right here... In this school. And not just him, but there will be more coming after him.' This Chuhre ka will Pitaji had faith that the Tyagis of the village would chastise Master Kaliram for his behaviour. But what happened exact opposite. Whosesoever's door we knocked, the answer was, 'What is the point of sending him to school?' 'When has a crow become a swan?"

You illiterate boorish people, what do you know?

Knowledge is not gained like this.' 'Hey, if he asked a Chuhra's progeny to sweep, what is the big deal in that?' 'He only got him to sweep; did not ask for his thumb in the gurudakshina like Dronacharya.'

And so forth. Pitaji came back, tired and dejected. He sat up all night without food or drink. God knows how deep an anguish Pitaji went through. As soon as the morning broke, he took me along and went to the house of the pradhan, Sagwa Singh Tyagi.

As soon as the pradhan saw Pitaji, he said, 'Abey, Chotan? ... what is the matter? You have come so early in the morning', 'Chowdhri Saheb, you say that the government has opened the doors of the schools for the children of Chuhras and Chamars. And that headmaster makes this child of mine come out of the class and sweep all day instead of teaching him. If he has to sweep the school all day, then you tell me when is he going to study?'

Pitaji was supplicating the pradhan. He had tears in his eyes. I was standing near him and looking at him. The pradhan called me near him and asked, 'Which class are you in?'

 'Ji, the fourth.'

You are in my Mahendra's class?'

'Ji.' Pradhanji said to Pitaji, 'Don't worry. Send him to school tomorrow.'

The next day I went to school with fear stalking my heart. I sat in the class in trepidation. Every second I worried that the headmaster was coming... Now he comes... At the slightest sound my heart pounded. After a few days, things calmed down. But my heart trembled the moment I saw Headmaster Kaliram. It seemed as though it wasn't a teacher who was coming towards me but a snorting wild boar with his snout up in the air.

AURANGZEB'S LETTER TO HIS TEACHER

 AURANGZEB'S LETTER TO HIS TEACHER

Sir! What do you expect from me? Is there any justification in your asking that I, in my capacity of a famous Muslim ruler, should take you into my court? May be your request would have been reasonable if you had imparted education to me in proper way. A student, who receives good education, should respect his teacher as he respects his father. But, what have you taught me?

Firstly, you taught saying that Europe means a small island called Portugal, that the king of that country alone is great, in the next position is the king of Holland and then comes the king of England. You also said the king of the France and Spain are like the petty rulers in our country and that the King of Hindustan are greater than all those Kings, that they are the emperors who conquered the whole world and the kings of Persia, Uzbek, Tartar, China, Eastern China, Pegu, Machina, will shiver at the mere mentioning of the names of Hindustan kings.

Ah! You have taught excellent history and Geography, indeed! Instead, you should have taught me about the different countries in the world and their varied interests, the strengths and weaknesses of those kings, their war strategies, their customs, religions, Government policies, the advantages, History, progress, downfall, what disasters and blunders had led to great changes and revolutions-you should have taught me all these things. I did not learn anything from you regarding the great men, who established the Mughal empire. You did not teach me anything about their life histories. You did not teach about the policies and the strategies that they followed to achieve glorious victories.

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